Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Example

Stunning Grace Social Work Essay Example Stunning Grace Social Work Essay Stunning Grace Social Work Essay Stunning Grace In the narrative style book Amazing Grace, Jonathan Kozol expounds on the real factors of living in Mott Haven, one of the South Bronx most unfortunate neighborhoods. He will probably illuminate perusers regarding the real factors of youngsters living in a ghetto and the shamefulness, all things considered, The number of inhabitants in 600,000 live in the South Bronx of New York City and 43,000 make up Washington Heights and Harlem which is isolated by a tight stream, make up one of the most racially isolated centralizations of needy individuals in our Nation. The inquiry for what reason should their adolescence be not the same as thers the nation over? regularly emerged and ought to be analyzed by all. The realities in Amazing Grace written in 1995 frightened me. There are truly countless individuals living in broken, swarmed, and summary high rises, That, says Kozol, the vast majority would not pet hotel their canines in. The primary actuality that Jumped out at me was in 1991 the middle pay for the territory was $7,600 for a group of three or four. The area is brimming with rodent plagued structures where flawed electrical wiring, awful lift entryways, and broken flights of stairs are a standard. The bsurdity, all things considered, is that if we somehow managed to pet hotel our pets in conditions like that , we would have a wide range of rights activists fighting for being heartless, yet we house individuals there to little fan reasonable or fights. The neighborhood emergency clinics are very little better. Kozol composes of a few examples where the older need to hold up in the corridors to be seen. Another wellbeing measurement that causes me extraordinary caution is with the level of individuals that have asthma. People experiencing extreme cases asthma have arrived at pestilence extents. Emergency clinic Admissions have arrived at least six for ne thousand individuals in the South Bronx neighborhood and just 1. 8 for every thousand for the rest in statewide New York. In the six sections and epilog of Amazing Grace we come to know and care about disorder and ruin. One of the most stunning logical inconsistencies is that the area of Mott Haven is neighboring the most extravagant congressional region in the country. Utilizing their own words, Kozol follows individuals like David Washington, who thinks about his AIDS conveying mother and various of other Mott Haven Residence whose accounts of illicit drug use, prostitution, neediness, AIDS, Drug dependent conceived babys that should be etoxed before they leave the emergency clinic, one instance of a man that was conceived in jail and now discovers that he will kick the bucket in jail. While perusing this book I continued recalling the Jim Crow Laws of the south with racial isolation. One instructor expressed that she has educated at a nearby Mott Haven school for a long time and has never shown a Caucasian understudy. Kozol calls attention to that there is such lopsided spending between the schools of the South Bronx which are for the most part Hispanic or African American to a neighboring congressional region that is the most powerful in the Nation and are chiefly Caucasian.

My Ideal City Essay Example For Students

My Ideal City Essay In my optimal city all ladies will be regarded and thought of as savvy, keen, dedicated, and as having esteem. Lady would have the option to pick any calling they needed and really would have equivalent compensation for equivalent work. Being a mother and guardian of their kids would be acknowledged as a significant situation, since they are thinking about and molding the people in the future. Indeed, lady would be given incredible regard since they can hatch, birth, and medical caretaker kids. Homemakers and moms that work low maintenance would be giving a living allowance so they can remain at home longer. All ladies would have two years paid maternity leave. The ladies that chose to return to work would have nearby youngster care accessible to them. They would be able to go eat with their youngster, monitor them during breaks, or even attendant them for the duration of the day. In the event that their kid truly required their mom or was vexed, the mother would not confront negative outcomes to go see their kid. It would be viewed as ordinary and urged to enable their youngster to feel quiet and glad once more. Work hours would be progressively adaptable with greater capacity to telecommute. A work week would be 30-32 hours per week, once in a while working longer with extraordinary medical advantages, including conception prevention. I would imagine that ladies would have all of an opportunity to get any situation in an organization as a man as long as she had the capacity to carry out the responsibility and other occupation prerequisites. Ladies would never again be second retired however. They would be urged to get the vital prerequisites in any field. No man could ever feel negative musings that he was working or preparing with a lady. He would simply consider her to be a skilled person. All ladies would nurture their youngsters except if there was a clinical explanation that they couldn't. Nursing would be the standard and the normal sustenance of infants. Everybody would know the benefit of nursing and it would be empowered. Ladies could nurture anyplace they could be and would not be compelled to go to the restroom or conceal with a cover. Nobody would be irritated by something so significant. This general public would need the entirety of their youngsters to build their scholarly capacity and everybody would realize that nursing would assist a kid with reaching that objective. A few ladies may live in cooperative sort of conditions in the event that they needed. They could live with a few of their companions and the ladies could impart the house to one another and their youngsters, while sharing day by day errands. They could appreciate companionships and a feeling of network. Perhaps the houses could be enormous enough for their spouses as well. It would be to some degree dependent on the exercises of The Farm collective or the shows, Big Love (2006-2011) and Sister Wives (2010-), without the polygamy, except if obviously that is the thing that the ladies needed. It could likewise be an incredible route for single parents to have the option to take care of their tabs while as yet getting housework, shopping, and food making done, alongside yard work and home fixes, while having their kid thought about without anyone else or by a nearby, confided in companion. A couple of ladies may want to work, much the same as on Sister Wives (2010-). I sort of feel like men could be discretionary. Perhaps it could be a city that was ladies as it were. Obviously, they could have men guests and beaus yet this city could blossom with ladies working in the open workplaces, schools, city laborers, as mechanics, in medicinal services, and in staple and retail chains. I couldn't want anything more than to see ladies adopting the normal and caring strategy that they do alongside their quality and strength and make it an extremely fantastic city. .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .postImageUrl , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:visited , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:active { border:0!important; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:active , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uca6650797064bd97856a ea7e0c7b9bb1 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hatchet1 EssayIt could be a beta test city yet soon the world would see that the maxim â€Å"like a girl† would mean magnificent things. There would be ranches run by ladies raising natural foods grown from the ground alongside animals that would be free extended and brought up in moral manners. Ladies could show move, make cheddar, bread, jam, and cleanser or whatever else they extravagant. They could be lesbians or not, yet I think there would at present be a great deal of hetero ladies that would appreciate the feeling of network with other ladies Abortion is something that I for one don’t concur with despite the fact that it’s frequently the interesting issue for ladies. I might want to see that all ladies would feel that it’s alright to have their infant and that they would need their infant yet on the off chance that they felt that they couldn't enjoy their kid around then I would need reception to be the choice. I think with the extraordinary advantages ladies could get the chance to assist them with bringing up their youngster I would trust that they would not feel alone and that pregnancy and birth would consistently be praised like it should. Since there wouldn’t be the same number of men around in this city there should be less inappropriate behavior, attacking, and assault, yet in addition since everybody was raised to regard and respect ladies. On the off chance that a lady ran into issue with a man from another town she would be accepted and he would be rebuffed. The lady would be giving guiding for her to manage the abomination. Assault is a purpose behind the Plan B medicate however so that would be accessible if necessary, in light of the fact that nobody ought to need to experience a pregnancy that would give them PTSD. I figure the city ought to be called something like, Big Love, Like a Girl, or Tranquility. I figure this city would be incredible and I would move there instantly.

The leftmost station on your dial

The leftmost station on your dial (I started this post wayyyyy back in January. Ask any blogger whos seen the unpublished posts; I just keep changing the date and planning to post it. I fail at life, I know.) I woke up on Wednesday morning at 11 AM with the (vaguely) shocking realization that I had to read and answer review questions for a paper before my 1 PM 9.12 lecture. Because I clearly have no idea how to properly manage my time anymore, I decided to ignore the paper for another 42 minutes and watch this weeks episode of Gossip Girl (SHUT. UP.). Supernatural forces larger than anything I could possibly imagine must be at work here (or at least concerned with whether or not Im at work); that, or the world just hates me. Anyway, I was getting back into bed to watch actors in their mid-twenties pretend to be sixteen when I discovered a very large, very live spider challenging me to a turf war over my pillow. Yeah, my PILLOW. That I SLEEP ON. NOT COOL. The spider lost. I left my room, afraid Id find another. I read my paper, answered my questions, and spent the lecture hoping Dr. Lois wouldnt ask me any super-detailed questions about rapid gene transcription in neurons. So thats my boring story of the week. If you want, you can pretend thats how Ive spent the last six weeks. We now return to our super-ultra-delayed blog post about the best part of MIT: WMBR 88.1 FM, the campus radio station. The station began broadcasting in November 1946 as WMIT from the basement of an entry in Senior House, eventually moving to a studio in the basement of Walker Memorial in 1960. The call letters were changed to WTBS, for Technology Broadcasting System, when it was discovered that a North Carolina radio station was already using WMIT. If WTBS sounds familiar, its because the call letters are those of TBS, the TV station founded by media mogul and all-around rich guy Ted Turner. When Turner wanted to take his TV station national in 1979, he offered to donate $50,000 to WTBS in exchange for the call letters. The deal worked out, WTBS became WMBR (Walker Memorial Basement Radio) and got a shiny new transmitter (among other things), and all was right with the world. Of the student groups on campus, WMBR has one of the largest direct community and alum involvement. Students, faculty, and other members of the MIT/Harvard/Boston community have regular weekly shows, some of which have been on the air for well over twenty years. The stations listener base is pretty large during fundraising week last year, donations from listeners brought in well over $80,000. Local and touring bands play in the studio weekly; in fact, one of the shows (Pipeline) plays only local music and brings in a band every week. As you can see from the weekly schedule, theres a lot of variation in what goes on the air, and most of the shows have many devoted listeners.People join the station for its vibrant atmosphere and the relative freedom (save for some FCC regulations) to do whatever you please with your show. Of course, the massive record library including about 120,000 LPs and 170,000 CDs aint all that bad either. Im going into a third year hosting DJ Awesome and the Wonderfriends with Hanna 10. We used to come up with playlists, but dropped that after a few months in favor of playing whatever had the coolest album cover. Im surprised people still listen to us, since our show mostly consists of us whining to each other, making funny faces people cant see over the airwaves, and then playing something by Pavement. Hanna throws in ten-minute-long songs by Opeth to annoy me sometimes, which I usually counter with sugary-sweet girly rock. (I dont even like the stuff, but Hannas visceral reactions are completely worth it.) This year, the students of WMBR have started WMBR Live, a series of twice-monthly free concerts in the Student Centers Coffeehouse. Last week was the first show, which went really well! The concerts will build up to a huge show near the end of the Spring semester, possibly in conjunction with another department. If youre in the Boston area, check out the shows! Everyone loves a free concert. In conclusion, WMBR is awesome. If nothing else, it gives me somewhere to go when I want to hide from papers and spiders. Post Tagged #WMBR

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1164 Words

Pardis Kianoush Western Civilization II Nicole Watkins 11/26/2014 Things Fall Apart Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe is a story which follows the life and foreshadowed downfall of Okonkwo, a respected warrior in his Umuofia clan in Nigeria. Disgusted by his late father, Unoka, and the reputation of incompetence and laziness he left behind, Okonkwo was determined to not let history repeat itself. He worked diligently and became a wealthy patriarch for his family. The beginning of Okonkwo’s demise occurs when he is given responsibility of a boy from a neighboring tribe who he ends up liking more than his own son. When that boy is ordered to be killed, Okonkwo doesn’t protest, for fear of not appearing manly to his clan. The†¦show more content†¦The novel has many different themes that we have seen before in numerous instances throughout the history of western civilization, but I am going to discuss gender roles, religion and change in cultural changes as themes that I have found most interesting in this book. Right at the beginning of the book, gender stereotypes were made very clear when the Mbaino town was given an ultimatum of going to war or giving up a young boy and a young virgin girl, â€Å"they decided, as everyone knew they would, that the girl should go to Ogbuefi Odu to replace his murdered wife. As for the boy, he belonged to the clan as a whole, and there was no hurry to decide his fate.† This shows that during this time in Nigeria, women were seen more as possessions than males were. In this case, the young girl has more of a predetermined role than the boy does. They weren’t sure what to do with the boy yet, but they knew the only thing the girl was good for was replacing Ogbuefi Odu’s wife- so women were seen as replaceable, like they were all the same. Similarly in 19th century England, women, although valued for reproduction, were not valued for much else. Their roles were clear cut in tending to house and husband and providing children. It was not u ntil Emmeline Pankhurst’s suffragette movement in the early 20th century that women began to receive some social and political rights. Also, early on in the book, Okonkwo was said to have resented his father after a playmate

Activity 322 The Genetic CodeIntroductionIn The - 1337 Words

Activity 3.2.2: The Genetic Code Introduction In the previous activity, you learned how DNA encodes the instructions for creating proteins. You also learned about the basics of the process of protein synthesis. In this activity you will apply your knowledge of transcription and translation to decode a secret message as well as investigate the effect that various mutations have on protein production. You will then look specifically at the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease. Equipment Computer Laboratory journal DNA sequence Activity 3.2.2: mRNA Activity 3.2.2: tRNA Activity 3.2.2: Codon – Amino Acid Dictionary Scissors Tape Procedure Part I: Transcribing and Translating the Genetic Code 1. Work through the Transcribe and†¦show more content†¦You will analyze the first seven amino acids for normal versus sickle cell hemoglobin gene in order to determine what type of mutation is responsible for causing sickle cell disease. (Note that the gene coding for hemoglobin is 146 amino acids. In this activity you will only work with a small portion of this gene.) You will use a codon chart to determine the amino acids that correspond to the mRNA sequence. Codon charts are often

Bluetooth Simulation Free Essays

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FINAL YEAR [2004-2005] A REPORT ON BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY PREPARED BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Bluetooth Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK 8. BLUETOOTH SECURITY 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth was originally conceived to replace the rat’s nest of cables typical in any PC setup today and this remains a compelling home application. However, as the Bluetooth evolved it became clear that it would also enable a totally new networking paradigm, Personal Area Networks (PANs)! With PAN technology a user will be able to organize a collection of personal electronic products (their PDA, cell phone, laptop, desktop, MP3 player, etc. ) to automatically work together. For instance the contact manager and calendar in the PDA, laptop, and desktop could all automatically synchronize whenever they are within range of each other). Over time PANs will revolutionize the user experience of consumer electronics. Finally, Bluetooth’s dynamic nature will also revolutionize connectivity to the rest of the world. Bluetooth will automatically discover devices and services nearby so available servers, internet access, printers etc. will automatically become visible to a Bluetooth device wherever it is. HISTORY: Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all over the world. By enabling standardized wireless communication between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of a personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. In 1994 the initial study for development of this technology started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to expand the concept and develop a standard under IEEE 802. 15 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network ). In 1999, the first specification was released and accepted as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN standard for 1Mbps networks. The Bluetooth SIG considers three basic scenarios: †¢ The first basic scenario is the Cable Replacement ie. the wire replacement to connect a PC or laptop to its keyboard, mouse, microphone, and notepad. It avoids the multiple short range wiring surroundings of today’s personal computing devices. †¢ The second scenario is ad hoc networking of several different users at very short range in an area such as a conference room. The third scenario is to use Bluetooth as an AP to the wide area voice and data services provided by the cellular networks, wired connections or satellite links. Why the name Bluetooth? The story of origin of name Bluetooth is interesting. †Bnluetooth† was the nickname of Harald Blaatand, 10th century Viking who united Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth specification was introduced to public, a stone carving, erected from Har ald Blaatand’s capital city Jelling was also presented. This strange carving was interpreted as Bluetooth connecting a cellular phone and a wireless notepad in his hands. The picture was used to symbolize the vision in using Bluetooth to connect personal computing and communication devices. What is BLUETOOTH? [pic] Figure1: Bluetooth system blocks The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management and host terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides the means for a host device to access Bluetooth hardware capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the host device and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth device. All commands from the host to the Bluetooth module and events from the module to the host go through the HCI interface. The protocol stack is above the radio and baseband hardware, partly residing in the Bluetooth unit and partly in the host device. A Bluetooth solution can also be implemented as a one-processor architecture (embedded solution) where the application resides together with the Bluetooth protocols in the same hardware. In that case, the HCI is not needed. This is a feasible implementation for simple devices such as accessories or micro servers. Requirements of Bluetooth technology: †¢ If Bluetooth technology is to replace cables, it can not be much more expensive than a cable or nobody will buy it. †¢ Because Bluetooth technology is designed for mobile devices it must be able to run on batteries. So it must be very low power and should run on low voltages. †¢ It must also be lightweight and small enough not to intrude on the design of compact mobile devices such as cellular phones, handsets etc. †¢ It must be as reliable as the cable it replaces and also it must be resilient. †¢ Bluetooth devices operate at 2. GHz in globally available, license free ISM band, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. THUS Bluetooth has to be very robust, as there are many existing users and polluters of this shared spectrum. Thus Bluetooth aims to be widely available, inexpensive, convenient, easy to use, reliable, small and low power. Specifications related with Bluetoot h: |PARAMETER |VALUES | |Frequency Range |2. – 2. 4835 GHz | |Bandwidth of each channel |1MHz | |Data rate |1 Mbps | |Frequency hopping rate |1600 hops per seconds | |Range of operation |10-100 meters | Bluetooth system operates in 2. GHz Industrial Scientific Medicine (ISM) band. The operating band is divided into 1MHz spaced channels each signaling data at 1 Mbps so as to obtain maximum available channel bandwidth with chosen modulation scheme of GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying). Using GFSK, a binary 1 give rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency while binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. After each packet both devices retune their radio to a different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel from radio channel. In this way Bluetooth devices use the whole of available ISM band and if transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different channel. Each Bluetooth time slot lasts 625 microseconds giving rise to frequency hopping rate of 1600 hops per seconds. Generally devices hop once per packet. .For long data transmission, particular users may occupy multiple time slots using the same transmission frequency thus slowing instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/ sec. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS: PICCONETS AND SCATTERNET: The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. In the simplest case it means that two devices are connected (see Figure 2a). The device that initiates the connection is called a master and the other devices are called slaves. The majority of Bluetooth applications will be point-to-point applications. Bluetooth connections are typically ad hoc connections, which means that the network will be established just for the current task and then dismantled after the data transfer has been completed. A master can have simultaneous connections (point-to-multipoint) to up to seven slaves (see Figure2b). Then, however, the data rate is limited. One device can also be connected in two or more piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see Figure 2c). A device can, however, only be a master to one piconet at a time. Support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed for a device to be part of the scatternet. In these modes a device does not actively participate in a piconet, leaving time for other activities such as participating in another piconet, for example. The master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can also be changed during the connection if, for example, the master does not have enough esources to manage the piconet. Master/slave switch is also needed in the scatternet. Master/slave switch support is not mandatory. Most of current Bluetooth implementations support piconets only. Point-to-multipoint support depends on the implementation Figure 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios: a) Point-to-point connection between two devices b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three slaves c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation: In connection state, the Bluetooth unit can be in several modes of operation. Sniff, hold, and park modes are used to save power or to free the capacity of a piconet: Active mode: In the active mode, the Bluetooth unit actively participates on the channel. Sniff mode: In the sniff mode, the duty cycle of the slave’s listen activity can be reduced. This means that the master can only start transmission in specified time slots. Hold mode: While in connection state, the ACL link to a slave can be put in a hold (possible SCO links are still supported). In hold mode, the slave can do other things, such as scanning, paging, inquiring, or attending another piconet. Park mode: If a slave does not need to participate in the piconet but still wants to remain synchronized to the channel (to participate in the piconet again later), it can enter the park mode. It gives up its active member address. Park mode is useful if there are more than seven devices that occasionally need to participate in the same piconet. The parked slave wakes up regularly to listen to the channel in order to re-synchronize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the master.. FREQUENCY HOPPING : Bluetooth technology uses a frequency hopping technique, which means that every packet is transmitted on a different frequency. In most countries, 79 channels can be used. With a fast hop rate (1600 hops per second), good interference protection is achieved. Another benefit is a short packet length. If some other device is jamming the transmission of a packet, the packet is resent in another frequency determined by the frequency scheme of the master. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3 where packets of device 1 (colored packets) and device 2 (banded packets) are trying to use the same frequency. Note that this case only refers to situations where there are two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth device using the same frequency in range. The error correction algorithms are used to correct the fault caused by jammed transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and five-slot long packets reduce overhead compared to one-slot packets. 220  µs switching time after the packet is needed for changing the frequency. Subsequent time slots are used for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended to cover three or five slots, as depicted in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency remains the same until the entire packet is sent. When using a multi-slot packet, the data rate is higher because the header and a 220 (s long switching time after the packet are needed only once in each packet. On the other hand, the robustness is reduced: in a crowded environment the long packets will more probably be lost HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth devices have 4 basic States. They can be a Master (in control of a Piconet — represented by a large blue circle above), an Active Slave (connected and actively monitoring/participating on a Piconet — medium orange circles), a Passive Slave (still logically part of a Piconet but in a low power, occasionally monitoring but still synchronized, inactive, state — medium gray circles), and Standby (not connected to a Piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices — small white circles). IN IDEAL STATE Bluetooth devices initially know only about themselves and in this state they will be in Standby mode. Standby is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis performing what are called Inquiry and/or Page Scans for 10 milliseconds out of every 1. 28 seconds to see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is inherent to half of Bluetooth’s states and is a key mechanism to achieving very low power. In Standby mode the Bluetooth device’s occasional attention reduces power consumption by over 98%. While all of the Bluetooth devices in the same mode it is important to note that they are NOT synchronized or coordinated in any way. Thus they are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. [pic] Enquiry and page procedures lead to connections ENQUIRY: Inquiry is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its range. In the illustration above Node A executes a Page Function on the BT Inquiry ID and receives replies from other devices. Through these replies device A learns the explicit identity of these other devices (i. e. their unique Bluetooth device ID). During the Inquiry process device A continuously broadcasts the Page command using the reserved Inquiry ID which identifies it as as a Page Inquiry. These broadcasts are spread across a standard pattern of 32 Standby radio frequencies which all devices in Standby mode monitor on an occasional basis. Over a duration of some seconds it is certain that every Standby device within range will have received the Inquiry Page even though they are not synchronized in any way. By convention these nodes will respond with a standard FHS packet that provides their unique BT ID and their clock offset. With these parameters the Inquiring node can effect low latency synchronized connections. Node H (the dotted circle above) illustrates how a Bluetooth device can be programmed to remain anonymous (Undiscoverable in BT jargon). This is a user controlled feature that suspends Inquiry Scanning, and thus device A’s Inquiry Procedure cannot discover Device B It is important to note that device H will continue to support Page Scanning however, and thus a user’s other personal devices (i. e. PAN) can penetrate this barrier by Paging directly to its unique Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices can be configured to know and remember thus enabling private collaboration even when devices are undiscoverable. PAGING: In its general form the Page command establishes a formal device to device link between a Master (the originator) and a Slave. Master/Slave connections in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To create the piconet device A broadcasts the Page command with the explicit device ID of the target Slave (B in the illustration above) which was learned earlier through an Inquiry Procedure. Further, this connection can be very low latency if the Inquiry data is recent (and thus synchronization can be accurate), but the process will simply take longer if this is not the case. All Bluetooth devices except B will ignore this command as it is not addressed to them. When the device B replies, device A will send it an FHS packet back and assign it an Active Member Address in the Piconet. As an Active Slave device B will begin continuously monitoring for further commands from device A in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern and clock offset. Further, standard Piconet activity continuously updates the clock offset data keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Thus the Master and Slave states are not low power but exhibit very low transaction latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET: Through successive Page commands a Bluetooth Master can attach up to 7 Active Slaves. 7 is a hard limit as only 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Active Member Address (AMA) with 000 reserved for the Master and the remaining addresses allocated to Slaves. Practically, 7 is more than sufficient given Bluetooth’s modest performance and dynamic configurability. Again, all Active Slaves to A continuously monitor for further commands addressed to them in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern. PARKING: Parking is a mechanism that allows a Bluetooth Master to connect to an additional 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Parked Member Address (PMA). To Park a device the Bluetooth Master issues a Park command to an Active Slave and assigns it a PMA. This Slave then enters the Parked mode and surrenders its AMA. As a Parked Slave the device will revert to a passive mode and only monitor for commands on an occasional basis. The difference between Standby and Parked however is that the Slave will remain synchronized to the Master’s hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device can be reconnected at any time with a minimum latency. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS: Protocols are needed to implement different profiles and usage models. Every profile uses at least part of the protocol stack. In order to achieve interoperability between two Bluetooth devices, they both must have the same vertical profile of the protocol stack. Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband and Link Control together enable a physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is responsible for synchronizing the transmission-hopping frequency and clocks ofdifferent Bluetooth devices [Whitepaper1, p. ]. Audio is routed directly to and from Baseband. Any two Bluetooth devices supporting audio can send and receive audio data between each other just by opening an audio link . Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is responsible for link set-up (authentication and encryption, control, and negotiation of baseband packets) between Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) takes care of multiplexing, reassembly, and segmentation of packets. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is needed when requesting device information, services, and the characteristics of other devices. Devices have to support the same service in order to establish a connection with each other. Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be used in applications that were formerly implemented with a serial cable (e. g. , a connection between a laptop computer and a mobile phone). Telephony Protocol Binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data call between Bluetooth devices. AT commands provide means for controlling a mobile phone or a modem. Adopted Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is adopted from IrDA. It is a session protocol that provides means for simple and spontaneous object and data transfer. It is independent of the transport mechanism and transport Application Programming Interface (API). TCP/UDP/IP is defined to operate in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate with other units connected, for instance, to the Internet. The TCP/IP/PPP protocol configuration is used for all Internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in future versions. The UDP/IP/PPP configuration is available as transport for WAP. PPP in the Bluetooth technology is designed to run over RFCOMM to accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is a packet-oriented protocol and must therefore use its serial mechanisms to convert the packet data stream into a serial data stream. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack can reside on top of RFCOMM (based on LAN Access Profile) or on top of L2CAP (based on PAN Profile). The latter reduces overhead and is likely to become the preferred solution for WAP over Bluetooth. Wireless Application Environment (WAE) hosts the WAP browser environment. Dial up networking (DUN) profile protocol stack: DUN profile is inside the Serial Port Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the Serial Port Profile. For the DUN Profile, there are two device configurations (roles): †¢ Gateway (GW) is the device that provides access to the public network (typically mobile phones and modems) †¢ Data terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up services of the gateway (typically PCs) The DUN Profile needs a two-piece protocol stack and an SDP branch. PPP over RFCOMM is needed for transferring payload data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile phone). The application on top of the stack is either a driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem emulation on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth security: secret key All Bluetooth devices (master and slave) share a secret key in a particular system. This key is used during the authentication and encryption process. This key is not transmitted over the channel but is rather in-built by the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATION Authentication ensures the identity of Bluetooth devices. Authorization is a process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a specific service. User interaction may be required unless the remote device has been marked as â€Å"trusted. † Usually the user an set authorization on/off to every remote device separately. Authorization always requires authentication. Authentication in Bluetooth is performed by an encryption engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the following: †¢ Number to be encrypted or decrypted †¢ master address †¢ Master clock secret key shared by master and slave. A random number is generated by the encryption engine using various keys. This random number is encrypted by the master using the secret key. This number is also sent to the slave. The encrypted reply of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a match then the slave is authentic. BONDING AND PAIRING Pairing is a procedure that au thenticates two devices based on a common passkey, thereby creating a trusted relationship between those devices. An arbitrary but identical passkey must be entered on both devices. As long as both devices are paired, the pairing procedure is not required when connecting those devices again (the existing link key is used for authentication). Devices without any input method, like headsets, have fixed passkeys. When two devices are linked with a common link the connection is called as bonding. There are two types of bonding: †¢ Dedicated bonding: Used to create and exchange a link key between two devices. †¢ General bonding: Data over the link is available for higher layers. ENCRYPTION Encryption protects communication against eavesdropping. For example, it ensures that nobody can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. Encryption demands the following: †¢ Negotiating encryption mode †¢ Negotiating key sizes-The key size could vary from 8 to 128 bits †¢ Starting encryption †¢ Stopping encryption SECURITY LEVELS A trusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, and the device is marked as â€Å"trusted† in the security database of a device. The device can access Bluetooth services without user acceptance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as â€Å"trusted. Access to services requires acceptance of the user. An unknown device means that there is no security information on this device. This is also an untrusted device. Security Level of Services Authorization required: Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices after an authorization procedure (‘Do you acce pt connection from remote device? ’). Authentication is always required. Authentication required: The remote device must be authenticated before connecting to the application. Encryption required: The link must be changed to encrypted before accessing the service. It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) might have its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS: 1. Bluetooth in the home will ultimately eliminate most every cable related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer will simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 player will no longer need a docking station to transfer files or get the latest tunes (the exception will be to recharge, that power thing again). And, your home stereo and other equipment will join the party too. On the telephone front your cell phone will synchronize its address book with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering incoming calls to your home number and calling out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still pretty fine for broadband internet access since DSL and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth access points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. Even when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your pocket they will be able to collaborate to access e-mail. And, next generation cell phones featuring Bluetooth and General Packet Radio (GPR) technology will function as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such performance it is likely web based e-business will flourish and these de vices will become the most prevalent Bluetooth access points. This may well be the Killer App that ensures Bluetooth’s widespread adoption and success. When you are literally on the road your car will join your PAN too. Here your cell phone may operate in a hands free mode using the car audio system and an in-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you may use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 player will likely play music in 8 speaker surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires!!! Fixed land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a pay phone in the airport terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadband access in these strategic locations. Also look for the pay phone to evolve to compete for your cell phone calls too with its low cost land lines. In the world of deregulation and open competition future smart phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the traffic over the carrier offering the lowest cost! 3. Telephone applications †¢ Hands free use †¢ File synchronization †¢ Calendars †¢ Contact management Land line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications †¢ File transfer †¢ MP3 †¢ Digital pictures †¢ Peripheral connectivity †¢ Keyboard/mouse/remote †¢ Printer ADVANTAGES: 1. Point to point and point to multiple links 2. Voice and data links 3. Compact form factor 4. Low power 5. Low cost 6. Robust frequency hopping and error correction 7. Profil es ensure application level 8. High level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentication 9. Non directional 10. Unlicensed ISM band LIMITATIONS: 1. 8 Devices per piconet with limited extension via scatternet 2. Short range 3. No handover facility 4. Maximum data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the crowded ISM band 6. Slow connection setup References: †¢ Bluetooth 1. 1 —Jenifer Bray †¢ Wireless Communication -Krishnamurthy †¢ Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http://www. bluetooth. com †¢ Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, August 1999 http://www. bluetooth. org/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Bluetooth Security Architecture, Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http://www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Comprehensive Description of the Bluetooth System v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, May 1998 http://info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf †¢ Bluetooth Technology Overview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http://forum. nokia. com ———————– [pi c] Digital Camera Computer Scanner Home Audio System MP3 Player PDA Cell Phone Operational States Master Active Slave Parked Slave* Standby* ON THE ROAD Laptop PDA Cell Phone MP3 Player Headset Hotel Phone Access Point How to cite Bluetooth Simulation, Papers

Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists

Introduction Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) is one of the major problems facing healthcare professionals particularly dental and dental sanitation practitioners (Dayakar, Gupta, Philip Pai, 2013). Studies indicate increased prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among health professionals. Besides, probable contributing factors have also been identified.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Associative risk factors that have been identified include inert and uncomfortable positions during work as well as unhealthy occupational practices. Essentially, musculoskeletal disorders include a variety of ill health ranging from minor ephemeral disorders to irreparable disabling injuries (AlWazzan, Almas, ElShethri AlQuahtani, 2001). While the problem is caused by various factors, this study focuses on the musculoskeletal disorders induced a nd aggravated by the occupational practices among dental health workers. Discussion Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dental Professionals Currently, dental personnel have experienced increased problems associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Studies indicate high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists. In fact, most dentists that have been studied report pains in the back and wrists. Such reported pains are considered possible symptoms of the disorder. Besides, researches indicate that MSD in dentistry is one of the major contributing factors to sick leaves and reduced productivity (Leggat Smith, 2006). In addition, wide varieties of causative factors ranging from poor work practices to ignorance of right positions during work processes have been attributed to increased prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the dental and dental hygiene practitioners. However, the physical burden associated with clinical work has been identified as the m ajor causative factor of MSD among the dental health workers. Parts of the body likely to be affected by work burden and poor physical postures among the dental professionals include backbone, wrists and neck support systems (Hayes, Cockrell Smith, 2009). Causes Musculoskeletal disorders usually occur when important body support system is highly constraint. In other words, the skeletal system of an individual is exposed to increased work constraints compared with required load-bearing capacity. The result is injuries in the skeletal support system. In most cases, muscle sprains as well as irritations in joints identify injuries in the skeletal support systems.Advertising Looking for research paper on dentistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The injuries may be severe when the bones and cartilages have undergone serious degeneration (Smith, Mihashi, Adachi, Koga Ishtake, 2006). Besides, musculoskeletal disorders normally re sult in two different types of injuries including acute and chronic bone damages. Increased pain in joints and tendon insertions characterize acute injuries. Acute injuries are caused by strong and short-term heavy load, which put a sudden strain on the support system. On the other hand, chronic injuries are characterized by prolonged pain in tendons and ligaments that connect the skeletal system. Chronic injuries results from permanent overload that put constant strain on the support system. Surprisingly, majority ignore chronic injuries due to their incapability of causing immediate health problems (Valachi Valachi, 2003). Risk Factors Risks usually occur because of exposure to harmful situations. A number of risk factors are associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Besides, researches indicate that young professionals in dental surgery have greater degree of exposure to risk factors compared with older dentists (Lindfors, Von Thiele Lundberg, 2006). The demanding nature of cl inical work contributes immensely to the development of MSD. Dentists working for long hours using repetitive motions and vibrating instruments are likely to develop the disorder (Dong, Loomer, Barr, Laroche, Young Rempel, 2007). Similarly, dentists in a high work zone with unsupported forearms that put a lot of pressure on their locomotors apparatus are likely to develop the disorder. Additionally, long-lasting repetitive muscles during a particular work process may lead to permanent changes in muscle structure of an individual. Besides, the working postures of dental health workers are equally a contributing risk factor (Marklin Cherney, 2005). Generally, it is evident that the working posture of dentists contributes to musculoskeletal problems associated with the profession. Prevention Strategies Appropriate ergonomic practices have been identified as one of the preventive measures of MSD. Dentists should opt for appropriate equipments that allow comfortable postures, minimize vibrations and create appropriate positioning of patients. Identifying and mitigating early symptoms of MSD would go a long way in preventing musculoskeletal problems (Amell Kumar, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Members of a dental team should operate from a wide counter and adjustable surfaces that facilitate an easier access to devices and tools during diagnosis. Using instruments with large diameters would require less griping force resulting in reduced risk of repetitive strain injuries. In addition, textured instruments require easy grip compared with plain instruments. Finally, dentists are encouraged to work with assistants to avoid unnecessary movements. Conclusion In summary, it is evident that MSD is one of the major concerns in occupational health particularly among dental professionals. Risk factors for the di sorder normally arise when constraints exerted by the workload and functional capacity of the support system is not at equilibrium. The demanding nature of a dentist’s work, increased repetitive frequency in work processes, static muscle forces and the working postures of dental health workers have been identified as the main accelerators of musculoskeletal problems. As such, a balance work schedules and appropriate occupational practices can help in the prevention of musculoskeletal problems. References AlWazzan, K. A., Almas, K., ElShethri, S. E. AlQuahtani, M. Q. (2001). Back and neck problems among dentists and dental auxiliaries. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2(1), 1–10. Amell, T. Kumar, S. (2001). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: Design as a prevention strategy. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 11(2), 255-265. Dayakar, M. M., Gupta, S., Philip, G. Pai, P. (2013). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder among dental practitioners. ASL Mu sculoskeletal Disease, 1(1), 22-25.Advertising Looking for research paper on dentistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dong, H., Loomer, P., Barr, A., Laroche, C., Young, E. Rempel, D. (2007). The effect of tool handle shape on hand muscle load and pinch force in a simulated dental scaling task. Applied Ergonomics, 38(1), 525–531. Hayes, M. J., Cockrell, D. Smith, D. R. (2009). A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals. International Journal Dentist Hygiene, 7(1), 159–165. Leggat, P. A. Smith, D. R. (2006). Musculoskeletal disorders self-reported by dentists in Queensland, Australia. Australian Dentists Journal, 51(2), 324–327. Lindfors, P., Von Thiele, U. Lundberg, U. (2006). Work characteristics and upper extremity disorders in female dental health workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 48(1), 192–197. Marklin, R. W. Cherney, K. (2005). Working postures of dentists and dental hygienists. Journal of Canadian Dentists Association, 33(1), 133–136. Smith, D. R., Mihashi, M., Adachi, Y., Koga, H., Ishtake, T. (2006). A detaile d analysis of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among Japanese nurses. Journal of Safety Research, 37(1), 195–200. Valachi, B. Valachi, K. (2003). Mechanism leading to musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry. Journal of American Dentist Association, 134(4), 1344-1350. Appendix Questions: What is your understanding of musculoskeletal disorders? Who are healthcare professionals? In what way are such disorders affect professional health workers? What are the causative factors of MSD? How do these factors affect professional health workers? Who are dental health workers? What kind of work do dental health workers perform? What are the roles of all players in dentistry in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders? What do you understand by the term ‘occupational health? What are some of the occupational health problems in dentistry? How do musculoskeletal disorders affect dental health workers? What are the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders? Can you analyze the pr evalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists, dental hygienists and dental students? What are the factors that determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal pains among dental health workers? Which body parts are most affected by musculoskeletal pains? What are risk factors? Can you describe the risk factors associated with MSD in dentistry as a profession? How do the risk factors affect the professional work of dental health workers? Can you identify strategies for preventing musculoskeletal disorders? How effective are these strategies in eliminating musculoskeletal problems? Can you explain the negative effects of some of these strategies? In your opinion, what should stakeholders in dentistry do to eliminate musculoskeletal disorders? Which part of the body is highly likely to experience pain and discomfort? Do you believe the discomfort and pain are because of musculoskeletal disorders? What other effects do musculoskeletal disorders have on you apart from constant p ain and discomfort? Do you believe musculoskeletal disorders have greater effect on the industry and your profession? What kind of measures would you propose to mitigate the problem? Have you been trained on issues related to musculoskeletal disorders? If yes, would you suggest any difference between your experience in practice and what you were trained? Are you aware of any danger associated with ergonomics? How would prevent such dangers? Is the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders part of your daily routine? What kind of activities do you engage in order to avoid musculoskeletal disorders? What measures have your organization put in place to avoid developing musculoskeletal disorders in workplace? Dou you believe a regulatory framework should be put in place to avoid musculoskeletal disorders within the workplace? Dou you believe musculoskeletal disorders is an occupational health issue? Would you suggest the kinds of actions that should be put in place to raise awareness of t he dangers of musculoskeletal disorders among the health professionals? Do you believe the actions are efficient and cost effective? According to your understanding, what could be the specific remedial measures to prevent musculoskeletal disorders within the workplace? To what extent should the remedial measures be observed? Should these measures be limited to health professionals? What kind of diseases can you relate with musculoskeletal disorders? Explain the manner in which the diseases are prevented and treated? Are the intervention measures similar to musculoskeletal disorders? What is the current prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among health professionals? Do you believe the rate is likely to decline or increase? Are health professionals doing enough to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in their occupations? What new methods of prevention and treatment could you suggest for musculoskeletal disorders? Do you believe work environment play a critical role in influenci ng the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders among the health professionals particularly among dentists? This research paper on Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists was written and submitted by user Zariah Richard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.